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Unless necessary to illustrate a point germane to this topic, additional examples of disparaging terms should be added to one or more of the Lists of disparaging terms rather than this article.
Terms of disparagement are pejorative words and phrases which are either intended to be or are often regarded as insulting, impolite or unkind.
While terms with a negative connotation are available for the discussion of many subjects (such as referring to an automobile as a
jalopy) this article is limited to disparaging terms for people. Likewise, this article is limited to discussion of the English language.
Types
Some terms (such as
soccer mom or
farm boy) are disparaging only in a particular context or with a certain
Intonation (linguistics) and are rarely considered disparaging otherwise. Other terms, such as
faggot (epithet) and
nigger, have a history and connection to social issues that makes them widely regarded as
taboo.
Many disparaging terms are synecdoches, such as
mick, paddy, and
taig, all of which are derived from Irish first names and are applied disparagingly to Irish people. Synecdoches can range from barely pejorative (e.g., referring to
Businessperson as
Suit (clothing)) to inflammatory (e.g. referring to German language-speaking people as
Nazis).
When applied to people,
abbreviations are often regarded as disparaging. Referring to a Pakistani as a paki, a Japanese person as a
jap, an Aborigine as an
abo, or an
Inuit as a
skimo (short for Eskimo) are four examples.
Other terms of disparagement are based upon sarcasm (such as
sahib in reference to
Indians), metaphor (as in the basis of the term
white trash),
metalepsis (as in the term
Wetback (slur)), zoomorphism (a partial basis for the slur
porch monkey) or other figures of speech.
Terms of disparagement also may combine figures of speech. For example, the term
yid is an abbreviation of
Yiddish and is as a synecdoche applied to Jews who neither speak Yiddish nor have a strong connection to
Ashkenazi Jews.
Some derogatory terms, such as
schmuck and
cunt, originate as terms for parts of the human anatomy (in this case, the foreskin and
vagina, respectively).
Medical terms have been known to become terms of disparagement as well, such as
idiot and
retard (both of which were used by doctors to refer to people with low IQs or developmental disabilities).
Other profane words have been merged with derogatory nouns to come up with new disparaging terms, such as
fucktard.
Use
Etiquette demands that the use of these terms, like any behavior likely to
insult someone, should be avoided in most circumstances.
Sociologists point to derisive language as an indicator of flawed reasoning about the character or motivation of others. Though
insults are common, and often used in jest, a fundamental
axiom of sociology recognizes that derogatory forms of speech make erroneous attributions about the character of a person. Scholars classify the erroneous assumptions as the
fundamental attribution error.
A few disparaging terms have been appropriated by some members of the demographic group they describe. The usage of these terms, including discussion about who can use them and when, is a subject of hot debate in many arenas
Terms of disparagement may or may not be
fighting words.
See also
- Lists of disparaging terms
Unless necessary to illustrate a point germane to this topic, additional examples of disparaging terms should be added to one or more of the Lists of disparaging terms rather than this article.
Terms of disparagement are
pejorative words and phrases which are either intended to be or are often regarded as insulting, impolite or unkind.
While terms with a negative connotation are available for the discussion of many subjects (such as referring to an automobile as a
jalopy) this article is limited to disparaging terms for people. Likewise, this article is limited to discussion of the
English language.
Types
Some terms (such as
soccer mom or
farm boy) are disparaging only in a particular context or with a certain
Intonation (linguistics) and are rarely considered disparaging otherwise. Other terms, such as
faggot (epithet) and
nigger, have a history and connection to social issues that makes them widely regarded as
taboo.
Many disparaging terms are synecdoches, such as
mick, paddy, and
taig, all of which are derived from Irish first names and are applied disparagingly to
Irish people. Synecdoches can range from barely pejorative (e.g., referring to Businessperson as
Suit (clothing)) to inflammatory (e.g. referring to German language-speaking people as
Nazis).
When applied to people, abbreviations are often regarded as disparaging. Referring to a Pakistani as a
paki, a
Japanese person as a
jap, an Aborigine as an abo, or an Inuit as a
skimo (short for
Eskimo) are four examples.
Other terms of disparagement are based upon
sarcasm (such as
sahib in reference to
Indians), metaphor (as in the basis of the term
white trash), metalepsis (as in the term
Wetback (slur)),
zoomorphism (a partial basis for the slur
porch monkey) or other figures of speech.
Terms of disparagement also may combine figures of speech. For example, the term
yid is an abbreviation of Yiddish and is as a synecdoche applied to Jews who neither speak Yiddish nor have a strong connection to Ashkenazi Jews.
Some derogatory terms, such as
schmuck and
cunt, originate as terms for parts of the human anatomy (in this case, the
foreskin and vagina, respectively).
Medical terms have been known to become terms of disparagement as well, such as
idiot and
retard (both of which were used by doctors to refer to people with low IQs or developmental disabilities).
Other profane words have been merged with derogatory nouns to come up with new disparaging terms, such as
fucktard.
Use
Etiquette demands that the use of these terms, like any behavior likely to
insult someone, should be avoided in most circumstances.
Sociologists point to derisive language as an indicator of flawed reasoning about the character or motivation of others. Though
insults are common, and often used in jest, a fundamental
axiom of sociology recognizes that derogatory forms of speech make erroneous attributions about the character of a person. Scholars classify the erroneous assumptions as the
fundamental attribution error.
A few disparaging terms have been appropriated by some members of the
demographic group they describe. The usage of these terms, including discussion about who can use them and when, is a subject of hot debate in many arenas
Terms of disparagement may or may not be
fighting words.
See also
- Lists of disparaging terms
